Four dimensional magnetic resonance velocimetry for complex flow in the jugular vein

It has not been previously possible to investigate the link between the presentation of flow related symptoms, such as pulsatile tinnitus, and flow patterns (1). In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has able to determine the full velocity field in 3-dimensional (3D) space through the cardiac cycle. We used MR flow imaging in vivo and in vitro with a patient-specific flow model to study the flow patterns in the dominant right sigmoid sinus and jugular vein of a patient who presented with right-sided subjective pulsatile tinnitus which cannot be heard by an examiner auscultating the head.