Investigating the correlation between cortical lateralization and personality traits in young Chinese adults through structural magnetic resonance imaging

Introduction

Personality traits constitute fundamental dimensions for understanding individual differences in behavior, affect, and cognition. Among existing theoretical frameworks, Cloninger’s psychobiological model of temperament and character has garnered substantial empirical attention, particularly its tridimensional framework comprising novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), and reward dependence (RD) (1). These biological dimensions provide a robust scaffold for investigating the neurobiological substrates of personality variation. Elucidating such neural underpinnings carries profound implications across disciplines. The investigation of personality traits and behavioral patterns holds significant implications for psychopathological applications (2), while simultaneously informing translational applications in clinical neuroscience. Delineating brain-personality relationships may facilitate the design of targeted interventions for preventing (3), and measures of, neuropsychiatric symptoms (4).

Given the importance of the personality traits, emerging neuroimaging evidence from multiple studies has substantiated the tridimensional personality theory through robust neural correlates of NS, HA, and RD. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have provided empirical evidence supporting the tridimensional personality theory. For instance, NS has been linked to increased activation in the left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral ventral striatum, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex in adolescents (5). HA has been shown to correlate inversely with gray matter volume in the parieto-occipital area (6). Guo et al. demonstrated significant activation in the inferior temporal gyrus during reward processing through functional MRI (fMRI) (7). A recent study found that the left and right amygdale have distinct contributions to various aspects of fear processing: the right is more associated with sensory-mediated fear expression, and the left is associated with cognitive-mediated fear acquisition and extinction (8). Additionally, NS scores have been associated with alterations in brain regions involved in reward processing (9). These studies have focused on brain regions associated with tridimensional personality traits and functional connectivity, whereas fewer investigations have explored the correlations with cerebral lateralization. The human cerebral cortex comprises two anatomically and functionally asymmetric hemispheres demonstrating significant structural and functional lateralization along the left-right axis (10). Neuroscientific evidence has indicated that cerebral lateralization emerges as an adaptive mechanism to optimize neural resource allocation by preventing functional redundancy in bilaterally homologous circuits (11). Cortical lateralization is a phenomenon evident throughout brain evolution (12) and undergoes complex changes during brain development (13). A previous study reported abnormal cortical asymmetry as a target for neuromodulation in neuropsychiatric disorders (14). Brain asymmetry may serve as a significant biomarker for symptomatology or treatment response in certain neurological clinical cases (15). Developmental variability in cerebral lateralization has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders (16).

Despite a prior study providing evidence linking personality traits to functional connectivity in young adults (17), the current investigation offers novel insights into the relationship between personality characteristics and the asymmetric development of neural structures. We employ an exploratory framework to investigate the relationship between personality traits and multivariate cortical asymmetry indices. We hypothesize that: (I) distinct personality dimensions will exhibit differential associations with structural asymmetries in brain regions implicated in their functional neurocircuitry; and (II) these associations will manifest across complementary morphological metrics. Although this design precludes definitive causal interpretations, it systematically maps covariations between neuroanatomical asymmetry and personality traits, providing an empirical foundation for future mechanistic studies. This study meticulously extracts cortical parameters at both the voxel and brain region levels within a healthy Han population, employing surface-based morphometry (SBM) techniques. Subsequent analysis aimed to delineate the relationship between distinct personality traits and structural brain asymmetry. Our comprehensive examination of cortical lateralization in relation to tridimensional personality traits employs multiple indices, including gray matter volume, surface area, mean thickness, mean curvature, and folding index. Hemispheric asymmetries in such morphological features may reflect divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories or functional lateralization, which may underlie personality-related individual differences. We present this article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-2025-271/rc).

Methods

Participants

A total of 215 right-handed healthy young adults (aged 20–30 years) were recruited for this study. Participants were carefully screened to ensure that they had no history of psychiatric or neurological illness, psychiatric treatment, or drug or alcohol abuse and that they had no contraindications to MRI examination. Only Chinese Han individuals were included to maintain consistency of the sample. All participants were strongly right-handed according to the Chinese edition of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (18). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The human experiment was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (No. TJ-IRB20221150), and written informed consent was provided by each participant before the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with approved institutional guidelines and regulations.

Questionnaires

Participants completed the Chinese version of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) (19). This self-rated questionnaire consists of 100 true/false items designed to assess three higher-order temperament traits: NS, HA, and RD. Each trait is further divided into multiple lower-order components. Additionally, participants were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to provide a more nuanced profile of their psychological state.

MRI

MRI scans were conducted at the Department of Radiology at Tongji Hospital using a state-of-the-art 3.0 Tesla MR scanner (Discovery MR750, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Tight but comfortable sponges were used to minimize head motion, and earplugs were used to reduce scanner noise. All participants were required to keep their eyes closed while remaining awake, and to keep their heads motionless during the scanning. Sagittal three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images (T1WI) were acquired using a brain volume (BRAVO) imaging sequence [repetition time/echo time (TR/TE) =8.16/3.18 ms; inversion time =450 ms; fractional anisotropy (FA) =12 degree; field of view (FOV) =256×256 mm; matrix =256×256; slice thickness =1 mm; no gap; 188 sagittal slices]. Representative T1-weighted MRI images are provided in the Figure S1, illustrating the image acquisition quality and signal-to-noise ratio of our data.

Data preprocessing

The recon-all preprocessing pipeline of FreeSurfer software package (version. 6.0.0, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) was used to yield brain morphometric measures. As a fully automated workflow, recon-all workflow performed the FreeSurfer parcellation of cerebral cortical regions steps in a unified pipeline. It included several processing stages such as motion correction, brain extraction, Talairach transformation, segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures, intensity normalization, gray matter-white matter boundary tessellation, and topology correction. Gray matter volume, surface area, mean thickness, mean curvature, and folding index of 31 cortical structures in each hemisphere from the Desikan-Killiany-Tourvilie atlas (DKT40) were derived from each structural MRI. To ensure the accuracy of the final outputs, we visually inspected each participant’s brain segmentation and topology correction following the recon-all pipeline. This inspection included verifying brain extraction, segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures, and the integrity of the gray-white matter boundary. Additionally, we conducted outlier detection for morphometric measures. Due to poor magnetic resonance (MR) image quality, one participant was excluded from the study.

Statistical analysis

A lateralization index (LI) was calculated for each cortical feature by using the total score of left (L) and right (R) measures: LI = (L − R)/(L + R). This index yields values ranging from −1.0 to +1.0, where negative values suggest a rightward lateralization and positive values indicate a leftward lateralization. Given that these asymmetry coefficients are relative measures, the lateralization of distinct anatomical features was assessed comparatively.

The statistical analyses were performed using the software SPSS 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for Windows. To examine the correlation between the various TPQ subscales and the LI of each brain region as defined in the DKT40 atlas, we conducted a two-tailed partial correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at a P value of less than 0.05, following false discovery rate (FDR) correction using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons. We corrected for 186 comparisons (3 TPQ subscales × 62 brain regions). Gender, age, and education level were controlled for as nuisance variables by including them as covariates in the partial correlation analysis using SPSS. Furthermore, to delve into the relationship between depression/anxiety and personality traits, we incorporated a natural cubic spline function to ascertain the impact of TPQ subscales on psychopathology. All models were adjusted for gender, age, and education level to ensure a comprehensive analysis.

Results

Demographic characteristics and behavioral results

Table 1 provides an overview of the sociodemographic and clinical attributes of the sample (n=215). No significant gender differences were observed in TPQ scores. Additionally, TPQ scores showed no notable correlation with age or years of education. HA scores exhibited a positive correlation with both BDI (P<0.001, r=0.323) and STAI scores (P<0.001, r=0.414), suggesting that individuals with higher HA scores tend to have higher depression and anxiety levels. In contrast, neither NS nor RD scores showed significant correlations with BDI or STAI scores.

Cortical lateralization related to different personality traits

Following FDR correction (P_FDR <0.05), significant correlations were identified between the LI of mean thickness in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (r=0.144, P=0.036) and the LI of gray matter volume of the postcentral cortex (r=−0.136, P=0.048) with the NS subscale (see Figure 1). The LI of mean curvature in the caudal middle frontal cortex (r=−0.174, P=0.0113), the surface area of the precuneus cortex (r=−0.151, P=0.028), the folding index of the inferior parietal cortex (r=−0.143, P=0.037), and the mean thickness of the pericalcarine cortex (r=0.136, P=0.048) were significantly associated with the HA subscale (refer to Figure 2). Additionally, the asymmetry coefficients showed significant correlations with the RD scores, including the mean curvature of the inferior temporal cortex (r=0.157, P=0.022) and the folding index of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (r=−0.150, P=0.029) (illustrated in Figure 3).

Figure 1 Cortical lateralization associated with NS. Regions above the dotted line indicate significance at P_FDR <0.05. The LI for the mean thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex (r=0.144, P=0.036) and the LI for the gray matter volume of the postcentral gyrus (r=−0.136, P=0.048) exhibited significant correlations with the NS scores. FDR, false discovery rate; L, left; LI, laterality index; NS, novelty seeking; R, right.

Figure 2 Cortical lateralization associated with HA. Regions above the dotted line indicate significance at P_FDR <0.05. The LI for the mean curvature of caudal middle frontal cortex (r=−0.174, P=0.0113), the LI for the surface area of precuneus cortex (r=−0.151, P=0.028), the LI for the folding index of inferior parietal cortex (r=−0.143, P=0.037) and the LI for the mean thickness of pericalcarine cortex (r=0.136, P=0.048) exhibited significant correlations with the HA scores. FDR, false discovery rate; HA, harm avoidance; L, left; LI, laterality index; R, right.

Figure 3 Cortical lateralization associated with RD. Regions above the dotted line indicate significance at PFDR <0.05. The LI for the mean curvature of inferior temporal cortex (r=0.157, P=0.022) and the LI for the folding index of medial orbitofrontal cortex (r=−0.150, P=0.029) were significantly correlated with the RD scores. L, left; LI, laterality index; R, right; RD, reward dependence.

Discussion

This neuroimaging study systematically examines the relationships between tridimensional personality traits and cortical asymmetries. Specifically, NS scores correlated with anterior cingulate cortex thickness asymmetry and postcentral gyrus gray matter volume asymmetry. HA demonstrated associations with caudal middle frontal gyrus curvature asymmetry, precuneus surface area asymmetry, inferior parietal folding asymmetry, and pericalcarine cortex thickness asymmetry. RD was linked to inferior temporal gyrus curvature asymmetry and medial orbitofrontal cortex folding asymmetry. These findings shed light on the neural basis of Cloninger’s temperament model, demonstrating how specific personality dimensions are associated with distinct patterns of cortical asymmetry.

Cortical lateralization associated with NS

Our findings of significant correlations between the LI of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and postcentral gyrus with the NS subscale provide novel insights into the neural underpinnings of NS. The positive correlation between the LI of mean thickness in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and NS suggests that individuals with a greater asymmetry in this region may exhibit a higher propensity for NS. This has theoretical implications for understanding how inter-individual differences in brain asymmetry relate to personality traits (20). Our findings align with previous research suggesting a role for the anterior cingulate cortex in reward processing and decision-making (21,22), which are key components of NS behavior (23). However, our study extends this by specifically examining lateralization, offering a more nuanced understanding. The involvement of the postcentral gyrus is less commonly reported in the context of NS, but its role in somatosensory processing could be linked to the sensory aspects of NS (24). Increased lateralization in the postcentral gyrus may contribute to somatic sensory differences, thereby reducing sensitivity to novel stimuli and manifesting as decreased NS behavior. This aligns with previous research suggesting that sensory and motor information processing may contribute to NS-related behaviors (24). NS is intricately linked to the structural characteristics of the anterior cingulate cortex and the postcentral gyrus, reflecting broader patterns of behavior influenced by the brain’s anatomy and neuroplasticity. Understanding these relationships continues to inform psychological and neurobiological frameworks regarding personality traits and behavior. Future research should investigate the functional significance of these structural asymmetries, potentially using techniques such as fMRI to explore their relationship with brain activity during novelty processing tasks.

Cortical lateralization associated with HA

Anxiety regulation is closely related to the HA avoidance personality in psychological characteristics and behavior patterns. The significant correlations observed between the LI of various cortical regions and the HA subscale underscore the intricate neural underpinnings of this temperament trait. Our findings reveal that specific patterns of cortical asymmetry are tied to individual differences in HA, suggesting a neuroanatomical basis for the predisposition to avoidant behaviors and anxiety.

The caudal middle frontal gyrus is a key region involved in executive functions, including decision-making, cognitive control, and working memory (25-27). The negative correlation between the LI of mean curvature in this region and HA scores suggests that individuals with higher HA may exhibit more bilaterally symmetric patterns in areas crucial for weighing potential risks and making sound judgments. This aligns with the core features of HA, where excessive risk assessment and difficulty making decisions due to fear of negative outcomes are prominent. A previous study found that the HA personality is related to the frontal lobe through positron emission tomography technology, which provides important clues for understanding the neurobiological mechanism of personality traits and emotional disorders (28), further supporting our findings within the context of HA. The precuneus cortex is implicated in self-related processing, including self-consciousness, memory retrieval, and aspects of social cognition (29). A negative correlation between LI of surface area in the precuneus and HA suggests that individuals with higher HA might have a more symmetrical pattern in this region associated with self-referential thought and emotional awareness. This could relate to the tendency of high-HA individuals to engage in excessive self-criticism and rumination, which are often observed in anxiety-related disorders. This finding is consistent with previous research highlighting the precuneus’s role in emotional regulation and its involvement in anxiety (30). The pericalcarine cortex is primarily involved in visual processing, particularly the ventral visual stream associated with object recognition (31). The positive correlation between the mean thickness of LI in this region and HA is particularly intriguing. It suggests that individuals with higher HA may have a greater asymmetry in brain regions associated with visual information processing, which could potentially relate to their heightened vigilance towards potentially threatening stimuli in the environment. Our findings regarding the involvement of the pericalcarine cortex are consistent with those of a previous study linking this region to anxiety and emotional regulation (32). This finding also aligns with previous reports linking HA to variations in visual processing towards threat (33). The inferior parietal lobe is involved in attentional processes, working memory, and language, and plays a role in integrating sensory information (34,35). The negative correlation between the LI of the folding index in this region and HA scores raises the possibility that greater bilateral symmetry in this region among high-HA individuals could underlie their increased sensitivity potentially threatening environmental cues. Although the association between HA and gray matter volume in occipital and parietal structures has been reported previously (6), the relationship between HA and the LI of these regions remains less established. Our study extends the existing knowledge by highlighting the importance of cortical lateralization in understanding the neural basis of HA.

Our findings contribute significantly to the theoretical understanding of HA by implicating regions involved in executive function, self-related processing, visual processing, and attentional control. These findings suggest that the neural substrates of HA are not limited to specific structures but involve various regions with distinct patterns of lateralization. Future research should explore the causal relationships between these structural asymmetries and HA, potentially using longitudinal designs or interventional studies. Additionally, exploring the interaction between genetic factors, environmental influences, and neural lateralization in the context of HA will be crucial for a comprehensive understanding of this complex temperament trait.

Cortical lateralization associated with RD

The significant correlations between asymmetry coefficients of the inferior temporal cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex with RD scores provide valuable insights into the neural basis of RD. Specifically, the positive correlation with the mean curvature of the inferior temporal cortex and the negative correlation with the folding index of the medial orbitofrontal cortex suggest that distinct patterns of asymmetry in these regions are associated with individual differences in RD. These findings align with previous research suggesting the involvement of the inferior temporal cortex in abnormal activity within reward-related regions (36). However, this study represents a novel exploration from the perspective of structural lateralization. The involvement of the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a region strongly implicated in reward processing and decision-making (37,38), further supports its role in RD. One study has shown that morphometric alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex are associated with changes in reward sensitivity and impulse control (39). The negative correlation we observed might reflect that a more symmetrical folding index in the bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex could lead to more efficient communication and processing within these regions in individuals with higher RD scores. This finding is particularly intriguing given the medial orbitofrontal cortex’s established role in reward processing and decision-making, as it may imply that individuals with higher RD scores have a bilateral advantage in these cognitive domains.

Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of RD by implicating brain regions involved in memory, emotional processing, and social cognition. These results suggest that variations in brain asymmetry may underlie individual differences in how individuals process rewards and interact with their environment. This has important implications for understanding the structural neural correlates of RD.

Implications of observed correlations

Although the observed correlation coefficients between cortical asymmetry and personality traits indicate a small-to-moderate relationship, it is crucial to interpret these findings within the context of the complexity of the phenomena studied. Although statistically significant, these correlations suggest that cortical asymmetry accounts for only a small to moderate proportion of the variance in personality traits, implying the influence of other, potentially unmeasured, factors. Small correlations are not uncommon in studies exploring the intricate relationship between brain structure and complex behavioral traits (3). Moreover, the direction of the correlations, whether positive or negative, offers valuable insights into the nature of the relationship. Even modest correlations support the plausibility of a link between brain structure and personality, laying the groundwork for future research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Cortical asymmetry likely interacts with other neurobiological factors, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences, shaping personality in a multifaceted manner. While acknowledging the limitations in explaining a large proportion of the variance, these findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting a complex but potentially significant association between brain asymmetry and personality dimensions. Future research employing longitudinal designs, larger sample sizes, and a broader range of personality measures is needed to further investigate and clarify the nature and strength of this relationship.

Limitations

Several limitations of this study warrant discussion. First, it relied on structural MRI alone, which provides a static snapshot of cortical morphology but does not capture the dynamic aspects of brain activity, connectivity, or subcortical contributions. Although our analysis focused on cortical lateralization, future investigations would greatly benefit from a more comprehensive approach incorporating subcortical regions and functional asymmetry, alongside the integration of functional MRI or diffusion tensor imaging. This multi-modal approach would fully characterize the relationship between personality traits, brain structural asymmetry, and their functional correlates, providing a more holistic understanding of the neural underpinnings of individual differences in personality. Second, although the DKT atlas is widely used, we acknowledge that using an atlas derived from a Western population may limit the generalizability of findings to East Asian populations. The ethnic differences are a crucial consideration, and future research utilizing Chinese-specific or East Asian brain templates, or a hybrid approach, is needed. Third, the tridimensional personality framework is rooted in distinct genetic and biological mechanisms that may reciprocally influence cortical lateralization. This bidirectional relationship necessitates further exploration to disentangle causal pathways. Another potential limitation of this study is the inherent intercorrelation between different brain regions and measurement indices, which may impact the interpretation of the results. Although we employed FDR correction to address multiple comparisons, the complex interplay between variables necessitates the use of more advanced statistical approaches in future investigations. To mitigate this, we could explore the possibility of calculating a composite LI rather than considering multiple measurement indices separately. This composite index, along with advanced statistical methods such as structural equation modeling or machine learning techniques, could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between personality traits and brain structural asymmetry. Finally, although our findings highlight the structural correlates of personality traits, integrating genetic imaging approaches in future research could provide deeper mechanistic insights into the neurobiological basis of these traits. Addressing these limitations will be a priority in subsequent investigations to ensure a more comprehensive and unbiased interpretation of the data.

Conclusions

This study employed advanced neuroimaging techniques to elucidate complex patterns of cortical lateralization associated with diverse personality traits, advancing our understanding of the neural substrates underlying personality architecture. By identifying structural brain asymmetries linked to these traits, our findings not only clarify the neural mechanisms governing personality but also establish a foundation for future investigations into the implications of cortical lateralization in mental health and cognitive function. These insights may guide the development of personalized psychological interventions and therapeutic strategies, ultimately enhancing quality of life for individuals with varied personality profiles.

Acknowledgments

None.

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-2025-271/rc

Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-2025-271/dss

Funding: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82471965 to T.T.).

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-2025-271/coif). T.T. reports that this study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82471965). The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in conformity with the ethical principles of Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (No. TJ-IRB20221150). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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