Global trends and developments in pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging research: a bibliometric analysis of the past decade

Introduction

Computed tomography (CT) is the principal imaging modality for the diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary diseases due to its high spatial resolution and sensitivity (1). However, patients undergoing long-term follow-up face potential risks associated with cumulative radiation exposure (2). Pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also presents difficulties due to its low parenchymal signal and motion artifacts arising from a low lung proton density, respiratory motion, and cardiac pulsation (3). In recent years, advancements in MRI techniques, such as shortened echo times, diverse respiratory triggering strategies (e.g., free-breathing imaging), and electrocardiographic triggering, have significantly enhanced the image quality of pulmonary MRI (4-6). The absence of ionizing radiation and multiparameter imaging with structure and function have facilitated its clinical application in lung cancer (7), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (8), pulmonary embolism (9), and other lung conditions. Pulmonary functional MRI can further quantify the ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange, and biomechanics of the lung to explore disease pathogenesis (10,11). Moreover, emerging pulmonary MRI techniques such as ultrashort echo time and zero echo time can improve the spatial resolution of pulmonary imaging and capably provide anatomical structure information (12), especially for pulmonary nodule detection and Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System classification, showing satisfactory agreement with CT (13,14).

The development of pulmonary MRI technology has demonstrated the significant potential to provide valuable information for clinical decision-making (15). Moreover, the Fleischner Society published a paper on expanding the application of pulmonary MRI in pulmonary disease in 2020, suggesting three categories for clinical evaluation: recommendation for current clinical use, requirement for further validation or regulatory approval, and applicability to research investigations or preclinical studies (16). Therefore, despite the large number of published research studies on pulmonary MRI, the focus and trends of this field remain to be clarified. Conducting a comprehensive and systematic analysis of this field from multiple perspectives is necessary to further promote the clinical application of MRI techniques in pulmonary diseases.

Bibliometrics aims to characterize the state and research trends of a given specific field based on large data via performance analysis and scientific mapping (17). Therefore, this study conducts an in-depth bibliometric analysis of pulmonary MRI over the past decade to suggest that MRI can identify the key parameters for pulmonary diseases and promote the popularization and application of pulmonary MRI in the clinic, which will provide long-term social benefits. This study aimed to conduct a quantitative bibliometric analysis of pulmonary MRI research over the past decade, examining dimensions such as countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords. The purpose of the analysis was to characterize the historical research trends, current hotspots, and potential future research directions in pulmonary MRI based on the literature published over the past decade, offering valuable insights for advancing research.

Methods

Data sources and search strategies

This retrospective bibliometric study did not require approval from an ethical review board. The literature search for this study was performed on the Web of Science Core Collection, with focus on lung and MRI studies. Lung-related search terms including “lung”, “lungs”, “pulmonary”, etc., along with MRI-related search terms such as “magnetic resonance”, “MRI”, “diffusion-weighted imaging”, etc., were applied. Eligible publications were articles and reviews published between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2023, with conference abstracts, editorial material, letters, book chapters, and news items, being excluded. There was no language restriction, and the search date was March 1, 2024. Two authors independently (T.W. and L.W.) reviewed the titles and abstracts to exclude literature not related to pulmonary MRI. Any discrepancies encountered during the literature assessment were resolved through consensus discussions.

Data analysis

Performance analysis and scientific mapping were conducted through R version 4.4.0 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and CiteSpace version 6.3.R1. The “Bibliometrix” R package was used to analyze the following information: overview (annual scientific production, average citations per year), authors (most relevant authors, most relevant affiliations, and corresponding authors’ countries), sources (most relevant sources, sources’ local impact, and sources’ production over time), documents (most cited documents globally and most frequent words), conceptual structure (thematic map), and social structure (collaboration network and countries’ collaboration world map) (18). The “Bibliometrix” R package was then used to visualize the content. Visualizing the authors’ and institutions’ collaboration networks revealed the critical objects of the different clusters. Three metrics—betweenness, closeness, and PageRank—can reflect the influence and centrality of the nodes in a network, namely the importance of nodes (19). The thematic map visualized research themes across different quadrants, with the X- and Y-axis of the graph representing the themes’ centrality and density, respectively (20). Motor themes in the upper right quadrant indicate high centrality and density. Niche themes occupy the upper left quadrant and characterized by high density and low centrality. Basic themes are found in the lower right quadrant, reflecting high centrality and low density. Emerging or declining themes are in the lower left quadrant, signifying low centrality and density.

CiteSpace version 6.3.R1 was used for keyword clustering analysis and burst detection. The key metrics evaluated include modularity (Q-values) and silhouette (S-values) for assessing network structure and homogeneity, respectively (21). A Q-value above 0.3 indicated well-structured clusters within the network, while an S-value above 0.7 indicated convincing clustering. Keyword burst analysis was used to determine which keywords have surged over the past decade, as measured by strength. The red timeline indicates the duration of keyword bursts, with their start and end times being marked.

Results

Literature search

Detailed search strategies are presented in Figure 1 and Table S1. Initially, 13,266 relevant documents were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. This study excluded 1,398 documents based on document type, with literature other than articles and article reviews being excluded. Additionally, another 10,029 documents were excluded due to their focus on organs (such as the head, breast, and liver) and imaging modalities [such as CT, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT], as determined through screening of titles and abstracts. After the above literature was excluded, 1,839 publications were deemed eligible for bibliometric analysis, comprising of 1,648 articles and 191 reviews.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the bibliometric analysis. CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography.

Analysis of publications and citations

Figure 2 illustrates the annual publication and citation trends from 2014 to 2023, reflecting the academic impact of pulmonary MRI over the past decade. The bar graph shows a consistent growth pattern in annual publications during this period, with a notable increase between 2020 and 2021, with the highest number of articles reached by 2023. On the other hand, the bubble chart in Figure 2 indicates that the number of citations remained relatively stable between 2014 and 2021, with the peak number of citations in 2017. The average number of citations per publication was 14.23.

Figure 2 Annual publications and citations from 2014 to 2023.

Analysis of sources and documents

A total of 420 journals published scholarly literature related to pulmonary MRI over the past decade. The total publications, citations, and impact factor (IF) of the top 30 most productive journals are visualized in Figure 3, which displays the contribution and influence of each journal to the field. The top three journals in terms of publications and citations were Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (total publications =155, total citations =2,368, IF 2023 =3.0, h-index =26), the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (total publications =124, total citations =2,440, IF 2023 =3.3, h-index =30), and Radiology (total publications =63, total citations =1,854, IF 2023 =12.1, h-index =27). Meanwhile, Figure 4 shows the stacked area plot with the number of publications per year for the top 10 journals in terms of total publications. Table 1 presents the top 10 most documents in terms of global citations in the field of pulmonary MRI over the past decade. Among these, three articles were from the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (total publications =16, total citations =1,091, IF 2023 =19.3, h-index =15).

Figure 3 Academic impact of journals. Bubble plots of total publications, total citations, and IF [2023] for the top 30 journals in terms of total publications. IF, impact factor.

Figure 4 Academic impact of journals. Stacked area chart of annual production in the top 10 journals in terms of total publications.

Analysis of countries

The productivity of each country was assessed by analyzing the corresponding authors’ countries and further dividing the top 20 countries into single-country publications and multicountry collaborations (Figure 5A). The United States led in productivity with 480 publications, of which 375 (79.1%) were single-country publications. China followed with 297 articles and Germany with 248 articles. Further analysis and visualization of collaborative networks among the top 20 most productive countries revealed that the United States had particularly strong collaborative ties with other nations, notably the United Kingdom (Figure 5B).

Figure 5 Corresponding authors’ countries. (A) Top 20 most productive countries, divided by SCPs and MCPs. (B) A chord diagram of the collaboration among the top 20 most productive countries. MCP, multicountry publication; SCP, single-country publication.

Analysis of institutions and authors

A total of 1,155 institutions and 7,610 authors worldwide made notable contributions to pulmonary MRI. Documents completed by multiple authors had an average of 7.94 authors per document. Meanwhile, there were 24 documents (1.3%) completed by a single author.

Table 2 shows the publications by the 10 most productive institutions and authors in the field. The top 3 most productive institutions were Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg (articles, n=309), Western University (University of Western Ontario) (articles, n=280), and University of Wisconsin-Madison (articles, n=248), University of Wisconsin System (articles, n=248). The top 3 most productive authors were Wild JM (articles, n=86), Parraga G (articles, n=68), and Vogel-Claussen J (articles, n=64). Furthermore, visual mapping of the bibliometric analysis of the collaborative network was performed for institutions and authors (Figure 6A,6B). In Figure 6A, the institutional collaboration network reveals five main categories. In Figure 6B, the author collaboration network highlights Wild JM as central, with metrics indicating of betweenness (178.353), closeness (0.019), and PageRank (0.058) indicating significant connectivity. This centrality suggests strong connections with other authors in the network (Table S2).

Figure 6 Clustering diagram of the collaborative networks. (A) Top 40 most productive affiliations. (B) Top 40 most productive authors. Each node represents an institution or author, with the node size corresponding to the total number of publications. The color of nodes indicates different research clusters, and the thickness of the connecting lines indicates the strength of collaboration between nodes.

Analysis of keywords and burst keywords

Table 3 presents the top 20 most frequent keywords in the included literature after the redundant keywords were eliminated. In addition to the keywords searched for pulmonary MRI, other major keywords reflecting research trends in the field ranked from highest to lowest in occurrence were as follows: “lung cancer” (occurrences, n=157), “cystic fibrosis” (occurrences, n=81), and “computed tomography” (occurrences, n=80). CiteSpace was used to conduct further clustering analysis of the keywords to identify the categories with strong academic interest. The top 5 clusters in terms of cluster size were “lung cancer”, “magnetic resonance imaging”, “lung MRI”, “cystic fibrosis”, and “congenital diaphragmatic hernia” (Q-value =0.4081; S-value =0.7445) (Figure 7A).

Figure 7 Analysis of keywords. (A) Clustering network of co-occurring keywords (Q-value =0.4081; S-value =0.7445). (B) Top 30 keywords in terms of the strongest citation bursts (sorted by the beginning year of the bursts). (C) Thematic evolution based on the authors’ keyword relevance and developmental degree.

Further keyword burst analysis was conducted to identify the current academic foci and future research directions, specifically, the strength of keyword bursts and their start and end times. This analysis aided in identifying the emerging areas of interest and potential research directions in pulmonary MRI. Figure 7B shows the top 30 keywords with the highest citation bursts from 2014 to 2023. The keyword with the greatest burst strength in the first 5 years was “mice” (strength =8.37), and the keyword with the longest burst time was “proton MRI” [2014–2018]. The keyword with the highest burst strength in the past 5 years was “standardization” (strength =8.01), and the keywords with the longest burst time were “parameters” and “heterogeneity” [2019–2023]. Figure 7C shows the development and relevance of the six identified thematic clusters in the thematic map.

Discussion

Between 2014 and 2023, 1,839 influential papers on pulmonary MRI were published, indicating a growing academic interest fueled by continuous development in MRI technology. The bibliometric analysis of these publications characterized the research progress and trending topics in this field over the past decade. Notably, lung cancer and cystic fibrosis emerged as primary research topics, and recent trends suggest a focus on standardization to enhance the clinical application of pulmonary MRI.

A bibliometric analysis of the corresponding authors’ countries revealed that half of the top 20 publications were from Europe. Only Switzerland, Australia, and Spain had a multicountry publication ratio greater than 50%. Collaboration on publications between countries needs to be further strengthened to facilitate global academic exchanges and promote the popularity and use of pulmonary MRI worldwide. Further analysis of collaborative networks among countries revealed that the United States had the strongest links to other nations, followed by Germany and the United Kingdom. Developed countries typically benefit from robust economic and material resources, facilitating collaboration and communication across borders in research endeavors. The most productive author (Wild JM) is from the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. His focus centers on applying hyperpolarized gas imaging to MRI of the lungs, where MRI parameters have favorable reproducibility in reflecting ventilation distribution and microstructural changes (22). Wild JM has successfully translated this technique to clinical practice, such as in the quantification of regional ventilation in cystic fibrosis (23), treatment response in asthma (24), and longitudinal assessment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (25).

Several important factors of the published journals were integrated to analyze the academic impact of literature, including total publications, total citations, and IF. The top 3 journals in terms of publications and citations were Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Radiology. The first two of these journals are specialized in the field of MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is dedicated to developing and applying magnetic resonance techniques in medical research. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging focuses on the diagnostic applications of MRI. Radiology is recognized as the most influential and authoritative journal in radiology. It is worth mentioning that the journal with the highest IF [2023], the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, only published 16 of the included articles but garnered a considerable number of citations (n=1,091). These 16 articles mainly discuss structural or functional pulmonary MRI to reflect diseases (COPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, etc.), which could become a useful tool for the noninvasive exploration of disease pathogenesis (26), depiction of disease severity (27), and monitoring of disease treatment response (28). The journal was founded in 1917 as the official publication of the American Thoracic Society and has profoundly influenced the field by publishing high-quality articles.

Literature with a large volume of citations from a breadth of countries has likely exerted a significant influence in pulmonary MRI and provided a solid foundation for further research. Among the top 10 most cited papers, the foci related to disease were mainly lung cancer (29), cystic fibrosis (30), and COPD (26). Regarding the technical aspects, the focus was on ventilation and perfusion imaging, especially the use of hyperpolarized gases (31-33). The most cited document among the global literature published in the last decade was by Wielpütz et al. in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine in 2014 (30). This article focused on developing a semiquantitative assessment method for pulmonary MRI to evaluate pulmonary structure and function in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis (30). The aim was to enable early and long-term noninvasive monitoring of lung abnormalities longitudinally in pediatric patients (30). Interestingly, the second most cited article was a review of imaging in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) published in 2021 by Dong et al.; this article indicated that MRI can provide useful information for the examination of pneumonia in pediatric patients and pregnant women, with the advantage of a lack ionizing radiation and the assessment of cardiac complications (34). This may be because COVID-19 rapidly attracted widespread attention from researchers across the globe at the time (35).

Keyword analysis can reflect the status and direction of the research field and assess the importance of different themes in pulmonary MRI (20). In this bibliometric analysis, “magnetic resonance imaging” and “lung MRI” were the specific keywords investigated. Additionally, “lung cancer” and “cystic fibrosis” were keywords located in motor themes in the thematic map, reflecting that they are both at the leading edge of the field regarding importance and development and are currently the focus of academic research. Diffusion-weighted imaging is also widely used in lung cancer (36). It is of comparable or greater value than PET/CT in some aspects, such as in diagnosing N-stage lung cancer (37) and identifying postoperative recurrence (38). Meanwhile, cystic fibrosis can be identified and quantified not only by inhaled hyperpolarized gas imaging, which has good sensitivity to regional ventilation defects and therapeutic alterations in patients (39), but also by the emerging non-contrast functional imaging techniques of phase-resolved pulmonary functional imaging (40) and matrix pencil decomposition (41), which can simultaneously reflect alterations in ventilation and perfusion. Finally, “congenital diaphragmatic hernia” and “fetal MRI” were found to be niche themes in the thematic map, which means the themes may be trending but demonstrate weak importance in the field. Fetal MRI allows for the prenatal risk stratification of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by multiple parameters, thus guiding clinical decisions and care planning (42). The analysis of keyword bursts revealed that the two terms with the highest strength of keyword bursts were “mice” and “standardization”. Pulmonary MRI in different mouse models has been used to analyze the efficacy of oncology drug therapy (43), to assess the progression and remission of the inflammatory response (44), and to monitor the acute rejection of lung transplantation (45), which provides a solid foundation for clinical research. The keyword that has emerged in recent years is “standardization”, suggesting that standardization of scanning protocols makes studies convincing and promotes further development of MRI research (46).

This study involved certain limitations which should be addressed. First, this bibliometric analysis was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection, which is an internationally recognized, authoritative database containing the vast majority of high-quality literature. However, a single database might have offered only limited coverage of the literature in this field, and therefore future literature studies should also include other databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar in order to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pulmonary MRI. Second, this study focused on literature published before December 2023. Therefore, the findings of research published after December 2023 were not included. The citation analysis of recent years’ literature can be updated in future studies. Third, some secondary keywords such as “magnetic resonance angiography” were not included, resulting in inadequate reflection of its advantages in assessing pulmonary artery structure and blood flow dynamics (47), which might have biased the analysis results. In the future, a comprehensive list of keywords should be included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses to more comprehensively reflect the research trends in the field of pulmonary MRI.

Conclusions

Pulmonary MRI has significantly advanced over the past decade, emerging as a crucial modality for diagnosing and managing pulmonary diseases. This bibliometric analysis of research output and citations underscores the expanding role of pulmonary MRI in lung disorders, particularly in lung cancer and cystic fibrosis. Meanwhile, standardization of scanning protocols can facilitate image quality and increase reproducibility between studies.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the CiteSpace team led by Professor Chaomei Chen for providing technical support.

Footnote

Funding: This work was supported by the “Pioneer” and “Leading Goose” R&D Program of Zhejiang (No. 2022C03046), the Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (Nos. 2024KY132, 2022KY230, and 2024KY129), and the Research Project of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (No. 2022FSYYZY08).

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-24-2205/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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